Hordeum murinum

Morphological description

Annual herbaceous plant, tufted and branched from the base, with a height generally ranging between 10 and 50 cm, sometimes up to 1 meter. The stem consists of numerous, robust, glabrous culms, which can be either erect, geniculate, or ascending; they are branched mainly at the base and have 3 to 5 well-visible nodes.

The leaves are alternate, linear, with a flat blade, 2 to 8 mm wide and up to about 20 cm long, soft in texture but slightly pubescent on both sides, with clearly visible parallel veins. The leaf sheath adheres to the culm and is glabrous or slightly pubescent. The ligule is a short membrane (about 0.5-1 mm), truncate, without fringes; the auricles are well developed, up to 8 mm long.

The inflorescence is a lanceolate spike, 8 to 10 cm long (up to 12 cm), green in color with shades that can turn purplish or brown at maturity. The spike is characterized by spikelets arranged in groups of three (ternate): the central spikelet is fertile, sessile or with a very short peduncle (0.6-1.5 mm), while the two lateral ones are sterile, shorter and borne on peduncles about 2 mm long. The glumes of the spikelets are lanceolate, 25 to 35 mm long, with ciliate margins especially in the central spikelet.

The lemmas are awned, with five nerves, 1.5-7 mm long and with an awn 18 to 50 mm long, generally longer than the glumes; in the lateral spikelets the awn can reach 40 mm. The anthers are whitish, with length varying from 0.2 to 3.2 mm and sometimes show purple spots. The flower is single-flowered and petal-less, with feathery stigmas at the apex of the ovary.

The fruit is an ellipsoid caryopsis, with the hilum as long as the seed itself, furrowed in the hilar zone and hairy at the apex. Seed dispersal occurs by breaking of the rachis or spikelets, which often fall together in groups of three. The root system is fasciculate, typical of annual species.

Habitat and distribution

This species is widely distributed in Italy and the Mediterranean basin, extending also into the temperate zones of Eurasia and introduced in other regions of the world such as North America, Africa, and Australia. It grows mainly on abandoned lands, uncultivated areas, edges of paths and roads, flowerbeds, sidewalks, and urban areas even in anthropized environments. It prefers loose, sandy or calcareous soils but adapts to a wide variety of substrates typical of disturbed habitats.

Growth altitude ranges from 0 up to about 1600 meters above sea level. Exposure is variable, but the species tends to colonize sunny or partially shaded environments, often in poor or degraded soil conditions.

Flowering period

Flowering generally extends from April to October, with peaks varying according to latitude and local climatic conditions. In warmer and Mediterranean regions, flowering can start as early as April and continue until autumn, while in northern or mountainous areas it is concentrated in the summer months.

Ecology and pollination

This is an anemophilous species, i.e., primarily wind-pollinated. The structure of the spike and the presence of pendulous anthers favor the dispersion of pollen in the air. Reproduction relies on a single fertile flower per central spikelet, while the lateral spikelets are sterile and contribute to the protection and mechanical dispersion of seeds.

Seeds are mainly dispersed through the fall of spikelets that easily detach from the rachis, but also through accidental transport by animals or humans, given their ability to cling to fur or clothing thanks to the long sharp awns.

Curiosities and traditional uses

In the past, during periods of famine, the seeds of this species were collected and ground to produce emergency flours for bread, although of lower quality compared to cultivated cereals.

The common name "erba codola" or "forasacco" refers to the long pointed awns (awns) that can adhere to the fur of domestic and wild animals, causing irritation and wounds, especially in dogs. These forasacchi can penetrate various parts of the animals' bodies (paws, ears, nose, throat), causing infections and damage if not promptly removed.

No significant medicinal uses are known, but the species represents an important indicator of disturbed habitats and colonizers in anthropized areas.

Etymology

The generic name Hordeum derives from classical Latin and indicated barley; it is etymologically connected to the Greek phorbé (fodder) and Latin horreo (granary), probably referring to the long awns that recall the bristly shape of spikes.

The specific epithet murinum means "related to the mouse" (from Latin mus, muris), probably alluding to the plant's spread in environments near human settlements and mice, or to the seed shape which can resemble a small rodent.

The common name “erba codola” refers to the pointed "tails" of the spikelets, while “wild barley” indicates its affinity with cultivated barley, but in a spontaneous and weedy form.

Sources

• Prof. S. Pignatti, Flora d'Italia
• Acta Plantarum - Flora delle regioni italiane
• Tela Botanica / H. Coste, Flore descriptive et illustrée de la France
• World Flora Online (WFO)