Sonchus asper

Morphological description

Annual or biennial herbaceous plant, with an erect habit that can reach a variable height between 30 and 100 cm, sometimes up to 150 cm. The stem is robust, hollow, sparsely branched, generally cylindrical in cross-section with longitudinal striations, often reddish or with violet shades in the basal part, and can be glabrous or densely covered with glandular hairs. The root system is taproot, well developed, sometimes branched, and allows the plant good anchorage and survival capacity even in disturbed environments.

The leaves appear in a basal rosette initially tender and not rigid, then become rigid, leathery, glabrous and shiny green on the upper surface. The basal leaves can be entire or pinnatifid, while the cauline leaves are smaller, sparse, sessile and clasping, with wide ear-shaped lobes that wrap around the stem. The leaf margins are dentate, equipped with numerous small spines that give the leaf a spiny and rough texture.

The inflorescence is composed of capitula 2-4 cm in diameter, grouped in umbelliform or corymbiform clusters, with a pyriform involucre 10-15 mm long made up of lanceolate bracts arranged in multiple overlapping series, with ciliate margins and sometimes glandular hairs. The flowers are all ligulate, bright yellow in color, sometimes with reddish shades externally, hermaphroditic and fully fertile. The corolla measures about 4-6 mm in length, with five obtuse lobes and a hairy tube at the apex. The symmetry is actinomorphic, with numerous ligulate petals arranged radially.

The fruit is an obovate-elliptical achene, about 2.5-3.5 mm long, brown-reddish, flattened, with three well-marked longitudinal ribs and a smooth or slightly wrinkled surface. The margin is equipped with a thin ciliate and recurved wing. The pappus is formed by numerous white, thin and silky hairs, sometimes accompanied by some sturdier bristles, which facilitate anemochorous dispersal.

The latex, white in color, is present in all green parts of the plant and is harmless to the touch.

Habitat and distribution

Cosmopolitan species, Sonchus asper is present in almost all Italian regions, including the major islands, and extends throughout the Mediterranean basin up to sub-mountain areas at altitudes that can reach 1500 meters. It grows preferably in soils disturbed by human activity, such as uncultivated fields, vegetable gardens, gardens, roadside edges and urban areas, demonstrating a remarkable ability to adapt even to soils rich in nutrients, particularly nitrogen.

It prefers sunny exposures and well-drained soils, but also tolerates conditions of low fertility and mechanical disturbance. Its presence as a weed is well known, due to its rapid growth and the ability to maintain seed fertility even for long periods (up to 10 years in dormancy).

Flowering period

Flowering extends from May to December, with a peak that can vary depending on latitude and altitude. In Mediterranean regions flowering begins earlier, around May-June, while in cooler and mountainous areas it can last until October-November. The long flowering window contributes to its effectiveness as a weed and to its widespread distribution in the territory.

Ecology and pollination

Sonchus asper produces hermaphroditic and fertile flowers, pollinated mainly by bees and other pollinating insects attracted by the bright yellow color of the flowers and the presence of nectar. The plant establishes itself as a melliferous resource in various anthropized habitats.

Seed dispersal occurs mainly by wind, thanks to the silky pappus that facilitates long-distance transport. Furthermore, the ability to keep viable seeds in dormancy for long periods ensures the persistence of the species even in disturbed environments or subjected to agricultural practices.

Curiosities and traditional uses

Sonchus asper is a highly appreciated edible plant in the Italian and Mediterranean alimurgical tradition. Young and tender leaves, preferably harvested in spring, are consumed raw in salads or boiled and seasoned with oil and lemon. They can also be sautéed with garlic or shallot, used as a side dish for meats, or employed as an ingredient in omelets, fillings and soups.

From a nutritional point of view, this species is rich in minerals (iron, calcium, phosphorus), vitamins and fibers, and has depurative, diuretic and refreshing actions. The white latex, although present, is harmless and in the past was believed to have galactophore properties, i.e. capable of increasing milk production both in humans and animals.

Historically, the roots of this and other chicories were roasted and ground to obtain a coffee substitute, a practice now almost abandoned.

Etymology

The genus name Sonchus derives from the Greek “sónkhos”, which in turn comes from “sómfos”, a term meaning “empty, soft, spongy”, probably referring to the hollow stem texture of the plant. The specific epithet asper is Latin and means “rough, harsh”, clearly referring to the spiny and rough surface of the leaves.

The Italian name “grespino spinoso” precisely recalls this spiny and rough characteristic of the leaves, which is a distinctive trait of the species compared to other softer chicories.

Sources

• Prof. S. Pignatti, "Flora d'Italia"
• Acta Plantarum - Flora delle regioni italiane (scheda di Mirna Medri)
• Tela Botanica / H. Coste, "Flore descriptive et illustrée de la France"
• World Flora Online (WFO)