Cerinthe major

Morphological description

Annual herbaceous plant belonging to the Boraginaceae family, with a scapose habit, often leafless on the floral axis, and height varying between 20 and 80 cm. The stem is cylindrical, glabrous, ascending and strongly branched, with a smooth surface and sometimes slightly glaucous, giving a waxy bluish-green coating.

The leaves are of two types: the lower ones are petiolate, spatulate in shape, with ciliate margins and herbaceous texture, measuring between 30 and 60 mm long and 7 to 15 mm wide, often spotted with white with well-visible tubercles on the upper surface and patent bristles along the margin. The middle and upper leaves are sessile, amplexicaul with a cordate base and have conspicuous round auricles measuring 3-6 cm by 1.5 cm. The upper leaf surface tends to blacken after drying.

The inflorescence consists of pendulous and leafy racemes located at the ends of the branches. The flowers, with a scapose habit, are characterized by oval bracts, often enriched by a reddish-violet coloration, as long as or longer than the calyx. The calyx is divided into five unequal lobes, with sizes ranging from 1-2 x 7 mm for the smallest, up to 6 x 13 mm for the largest.

The corolla is tubular, up to 3 cm long and about 8 mm wide, yellow with brown-purple shades at the base and with a characteristic reddish or purplish ring in the throat area (around the middle of the corolla). The corolla lobes are very short, truncate, slightly denticulate and bent backward. Often the purple band can vary in extent, covering half or the entire corolla, or almost absent, with a yellow-whitish corolla. The stamens are five, with violet anthers about 6 mm long placed on 4 mm filaments, inserted in the lower part of the corolla about a quarter of its length. The style protrudes from the corolla by about 2 mm.

The fruit is a microbasarium composed of ovoid mericarps, brown-reddish in color.

Habitat and distribution

Steno-Mediterranean species, its distribution extends along the coasts and Mediterranean areas of Italy, from the North to the Center-South (Italian peninsula with range including locations such as San Marino, Cesena, Perugia, Volterra, Lucca, Carrara), as well as in Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. It grows mainly in uncultivated soils, road edges and meadows, preferring sunny exposures and well-drained soils. It is found at altitudes ranging from 0 up to about 1000 meters above sea level.

Flowering period

Flowering typically extends from November to June, with some geographical variations related to the Mediterranean range in which it is found. In particular, in the southernmost areas or with mild climates, flowering can start early and last longer.

Ecology and pollination

This species is particularly appreciated by bees, from which its scientific name also derives (from Greek "keros" = wax and "anthos" = flower, for the waxy appearance and frequent visits by pollinating insects). The tubular corolla and the characteristic purple ring act as a visual signal for pollinating insects, especially bees and other melliferous insects. The plant is therefore an important melliferous resource in the Mediterranean, contributing to the biodiversity of pollinating insects.

Seed dispersal occurs through the small ovoid mericarp fruits, which detach easily and can be transported by wind or animals. Being an annual plant, it completes its cycle in one season, relying on seed production for reproduction and population maintenance.

Curiosities and traditional uses

Greater Honeywort is an edible and medicinal plant, traditionally used in folk medicine for its diuretic, antihemorrhagic, antineuralgic, anti-inflammatory and astringent properties. In popular phytotherapy it was also used to relieve eye inflammations.

From a dietary point of view, young leaves and flowers are used as mixed salad greens, both raw in salads and cooked with other herbs. The taste is similar to peas, with a slightly bitter aftertaste. The plant contains active principles such as mucilages, tannins, essential oils and nitrate salts.

Ornamentally, varieties of Cerinthe major have been selected to beautify gardens, thanks to the vivid color of the flowers and bracts.

Etymology

The scientific name "Cerinthe" derives from the Greek "keros" (wax) and "anthos" (flower), alluding to the shape and waxy texture of the flowers, which resemble small candles. This denomination was originally given by Tournefort and confirmed by Linnaeus. The specific epithet "major" indicates the larger size compared to other related species of the genus.

The Italian common name "Erba vajola maggiore" recalls the characteristic coloration of the flowers and the larger habit of the plant compared to other varieties or similar species.

Sources

• Prof. S. Pignatti, Flora d'Italia
• Acta Plantarum - Flora delle regioni italiane (scheda di Marinella Zepigi)