Centaurea melitensis

Morphological description

It is an annual herbaceous plant that can reach a height between 10 and 100 cm, with a more frequent average of 30-60 cm. The habit is erect or ascending, with angular stems, thinly winged (i.e., provided with narrow wings along the edges, 1-2 mm wide), covered with a woolly and hairy pubescence, with articulated multicellular hairs, sometimes slightly rough and with minute resinous glands. The stems, one to a few per plant, are more or less branched especially in the upper part, forming corymbs of capitula.

The basal leaves are pinnatisect, 5-8 cm long, with an undivided central portion about 3 mm wide and 4-5 deep lobes or teeth per side, while the cauline leaves are linear-spatulate, 20-30 mm long and 2-3 mm wide, generally entire or slightly dentate, semiamplexicaul and decurrent along the stem. The leaf surface is covered with hairs that give a grayish or whitish appearance, and sometimes they are spiny or rough to the touch.

The capitula are very numerous, pear-shaped, with a diameter ranging between 7 and 12 mm. The involucre is composed of numerous scales arranged in several series, light-colored, with an apex equipped with a robust spine 8-12 mm long and from 2 to 6 lateral spines at the base; moreover, there are 2 or 3 pairs of shorter spines along the margins of the bracts. The flowers are exclusively tubular, bright yellow, with corollas 10-12 mm long. The number of flowers per capitulum is high; sterile flowers are thinner and less conspicuous than fertile ones.

The fruit is an elongated achene about 2.5 mm long, opaque white or light brown, slightly laterally compressed and finely pubescent. The pappus consists of many white, rigid, and unequal bristles, 2.5-3 mm long, persistent and arranged in several series.

The root system is not described in detail in the sources, but being an annual species adapted to arid environments it probably has fairly developed fibrous roots for rapid water absorption under dry soil conditions.

Habitat and distribution

This species is native to the southeastern Mediterranean area, particularly the Maltese Islands, from which it also derives the common name “Maltese cornflower.” In Italy it is present in several regions of the central-south and along the western coastal belt: it is found in Liguria, Tuscany (Maremma), Lazio (Circeo area), Apulia, Calabria, Sicily, Sardinia, as well as in minor islands such as Giannutri and Corsica. The species is considered rare (R) in some of these areas.

It prefers habitats of dry grasslands, uncultivated lands, road edges, abandoned fields, and ruderal environments, frequently occurring in typically arid or semi-arid Mediterranean climate zones. It grows on well-drained soils, often sandy or rocky, with sunny exposure, from near sea level up to about 1600 m altitude.

It behaves as a weed species of crops and disturbed soils, adapting to conditions of low water availability and poor soils.

Flowering period

Flowering generally extends from June to November, with variations related to latitude and local climatic conditions. In some Mediterranean areas it can start already in late spring (May-June) and continue until autumn, while in warmer climates or more southern zones it may last longer.

Ecology and pollination

The Maltese cornflower presents tubular, yellow, and conspicuous flowers that attract a variety of insect pollinators. Among the main pollinators are bees, bumblebees, and other hymenopterans, but also butterflies and beetles, attracted by the bright color and the presence of nectar and pollen.

The structure of the capitulum, with numerous fertile and sterile flowers, facilitates entomophilous pollination (by insects). The presence of spines on the bracts of the involucre protects the flowers and fruits from predators and facilitates seed dispersal.

Dissemination occurs mainly through the feathery pappus that allows the seeds (achenes) to be carried by the wind over short distances, contributing to the species’ expansion in open and disturbed habitats.

Curiosities and traditional uses

No particular or significant traditional uses are known in medicinal or food fields for this species, nor specific references in local folklore. Its presence is more relevant from an ecological and naturalistic point of view, as a component of the spontaneous Mediterranean flora and as a weed species that can colonize arid lands and crops.

Etymology

The scientific name "Centaurea" derives from Greek mythology, in which the centaur Chiron used a similar plant to heal wounds, from which the genus Centaurea is traditionally associated with medicinal plants. The specific epithet "melitensis" refers to the Maltese Islands (Melita in Latin), from which the species is native or where it was first described.

The Italian common name “fiordaliso maltese” precisely recalls the Maltese origin and is due to the bright color of the yellow flowers, which resemble cornflowers although belonging to a different genus than the true cornflowers (Centaurea cyanus).

Sources

• Acta Plantarum - Flora delle regioni italiane (actaplantarum.org)
• World Flora Online (WFO)