Anthyllis vulneraria

Morphological description

Perennial herbaceous plant, vulneraria has a scapose habit, with generally prostrate or ascending-ascending stems reaching a height between 10 and 30 cm. The upper part of the stems is often leafless or bears only one or two scattered small leaves. The stem is glabrescent or may have a slight scattered and appressed pubescence.

The lower leaves are arranged imparipinnate, with from 1 to 5 pairs of small lateral leaflets and a larger terminal leaflet, oblong-linear or elliptical in shape, often broader and ovate at the end. The lower surface of the leaves is glabrescent, while the margins may be adorned with short hairs. The cauline leaves are few and smaller.

The inflorescence consists of dense glomerules, single or paired, positioned at the apex of short peduncles. These are surrounded by large palmate leafy bracts, covered with soft pubescence, giving the inflorescences a woolly appearance. The flowers are papilionaceous, with a corolla 15-18 mm long of a characteristic blood red color, which may show tonal variations or slight variegated shades. The standard (vexillum) is curved and emarginate, with the margins of the wings and keel also red; the wings and keel are hooked together, exceeding the length of the calyx. The calyx, 11-14 mm long, is swollen, with a vesicular and striated structure, with color varying from red to reddish-brown; it has teeth much shorter than the tube and uniformly covered by appressed hairs.

The fruits are small elliptical legumes, about 3.5-7 mm long and 2-4 mm wide, indehiscent and membranous, containing a single ovoid seed. The root system, typical of Fabaceae, consists of deep roots with possible presence of rhizobial nodules for nitrogen fixation.

Habitat and distribution

Kidney Vetch is a species with a Euro-Mediterranean distribution, predominant along the Mediterranean coasts but with extensions north and east, also including continental areas such as the Vite region. In Italy, it is present throughout the territory, from sea level up to about 1000 meters altitude.

It prefers open environments such as grassy lands, uncultivated fields, garrigues and Mediterranean scrub, often on well-drained, sandy or calcareous soils, with sunny or semi-shaded exposure. Its presence is typical of mountainous and submontane environments, but it is also adaptable to drier and rocky arid conditions, where it is often associated with xerophilous Mediterranean vegetation.

Flowering period

Flowering mainly occurs between April and June. Possible geographic variations can slightly influence the start or duration of flowering, with specimens in warmer or lower areas possibly anticipating or prolonging it.

Ecology and pollination

Kidney Vetch is pollinated by pollinating insects, particularly bees and other hymenopterans, attracted by the bright red color of the flowers and the presence of nectar. The papilionaceous structure of the corolla favors entomogamous pollination, ensuring effective pollen transfer.

Seed dispersal mainly occurs by falling near the mother plant, given the indehiscent nature of the legumes; however, environmental factors such as wind or the action of small animals can contribute to their spread over limited distances.

Curiosities and traditional uses

The specific name vulneraria derives from the Latin vulnus, meaning "wound", referring to the healing properties traditionally attributed to plants of this genus. Historically, vulneraria has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of wounds and sores, exploiting its presumed hemostatic and healing properties.

No significant food uses are documented, but the plant has some importance as a habitat indicator and as an element of the spontaneous Mediterranean flora.

Etymology

The genus name Anthyllis comes from the Greek anthos (flower) and -yllis or -illos (down), recalling the woolly appearance of the inflorescences typical of many species of the genus. The specific name vulneraria derives from the Latin vulnus (wound), highlighting the traditional medicinal use of the plant to heal wounds.

The common Italian name, "vulneraria", directly takes this Latin root, maintaining the reference to the plant's healing abilities.

Sources

• Acta Plantarum - Flora delle regioni italiane (actaplantarum.org)
• Acta Plantarum - Flora delle regioni italiane (scheda di Mirna Medri)
• World Flora Online (WFO)